Functional movement disorders (FMD), previously referred to as “psychogenic” movement disorders, are characterized by abnormal movements, postures or spasms, such as shaking (irregular tremor) or ...
DISTURBANCES of eye movements frequently confront the physician with puzzling diagnostic problems. First of all, the examiner must determine whether the abnormal function of eye muscles is the result ...
Congenital innervation dysgenesis syndrome (CID)/congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders (CCDDs)
Congenital loss of innervation to the extra-ocular muscles (EOMs) can have a profound effect on the target muscle. This has been well recognised in Duane's retraction syndrome. However, it has been ...
Upward and outward movement of the eyeball on attempted voluntary lid closure is called Bell’s phenomenon, as named by Charles Bell. This is a common clinical finding in 75% of normal individuals. The ...
The L. family has lived in Massachusetts for several generations on the paternal side. The mother was born in Massachusetts; her parents came from Canada, and 2 of her grandparents were English.
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