Electric utility engineers designing new transmission and distribution (T&D) systems and evaluating existing systems have relied on sophisticated software programs that can simulate transients. Now ...

Protecting susceptible electronic equipment from AC power line disturbances is a major concern for most people, whether their business environment is commercial or industrial. No matter what the ...

Several types of devices are employed in electronic systems to protect against voltage transients, power surges, and excessive voltage or current. Varistors is one of those devices that protect ...

The rate of transient occurrences varies with every power system. Recent studies show that surges of 1kV or less are common — whereas 3kV surges are rare. Protecting against more frequent (internally ...

Reference [1] describes a process for the design of lightning protection that transforms the transient experienced by the components during the lightning test transient into the reference transients ...

Designing automotive electronics presents numerous technical challenges, including the need to protect against electrical hazards under the hood and in the cabin. The three major sources of electrical ...

Overvoltage protection of AC power lines is a common practice, which encompasses a variety of protection circuit solutions. Most designs are cost-driven and tend to use only the bare minimum of ...

Circuit breakers are manual switches that open under overload conditions. Circuit breakers discussed here are general-purpose types that meet the minimum Underwriters' Laboratories Inc. (UL) standards ...